After a storm, which roof signs should be treated as urgent?

After hail, high wind, or nearby wildfire conditions, it can be hard to tell whether a roof just has surface debris or whether something has been displaced enough to admit water. I’m especially interested in what a homeowner can assess safely from ground level without walking on the roof.

Which observations around asphalt shingles, flashing, ridge caps, vents, and gutters usually justify prompt professional attention? I’d also like to understand what to look for inside, such as damp insulation, staining, or daylight in the attic, and how to distinguish active water entry from an old mark.

If a roofer can’t arrive immediately, are tarps or temporary coverings generally appropriate, or can they trap moisture or damage the roof covering? I’m wary of applying sealant or making an emergency patch that later interferes with a proper repair. What photos and notes are most useful for documenting the condition for the roofer or insurer?